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logical level)

  • 1 (logical 1 high level) логическая единица

    Automation: log. high (в отношении состояния дискретного входа/выхода устройства)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > (logical 1 high level) логическая единица

  • 2 логический уровень

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > логический уровень

  • 3 логический уровень

    2) Information technology: data level (напряжения)
    3) Microelectronics: logic level, logical state

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > логический уровень

  • 4 логический уровень

    1. data level

    уровень D/U — DU level

    2. logical level

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > логический уровень

  • 5 логический уровень

    ( напряжения) data level, logical level

    Русско-английский словарь по вычислительной технике и программированию > логический уровень

  • 6 логический уровень программирования

    Information technology: logical level of programming

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > логический уровень программирования

  • 7 логическая схема

    [lang name="Russian"]логические схемы; логика — logical circuitry

    Русско-английский научный словарь > логическая схема

  • 8 логическая схема

    логические схемы; логика — logical circuitry

    Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > логическая схема

  • 9 глубина вложенности структуры

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > глубина вложенности структуры

  • 10 уровень логических устройств

    Русско-английский словарь по электронике > уровень логических устройств

  • 11 уровень логических устройств

    Русско-английский словарь по радиоэлектронике > уровень логических устройств

  • 12 глубина вложенности структуры

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > глубина вложенности структуры

  • 13 mantıklı

    logical, reasonable, rational, sensible, level-headed, advisable, sane

    İngilizce Sözlük Türkçe > mantıklı

  • 14 функции уровня присоединения в системе автоматизации подстанции

    1. bay level functions

     

    функции уровня присоединения в системе автоматизации подстанции
    Функции системы управления подстанцией, которые используют данные одного присоединения и которые выполняются на основном оборудовании этого присоединения, связываясь через логический интерфейс 3 на уровне присоединения и через логические интерфейсы 4 и 5 с уровнем процесса.
    Примечание. На рисунке ДА.1 (см. приложение ДА) приведены модель интерфейсов в системе автоматизации подстанции и условные номера интерфейсов.
    [ ГОСТ Р 54325-2011 (IEC/TS 61850-2:2003)]

    EN

    bay level functions
    functions that use mainly the data of one bay and act mainly on the primary equipment of that bay. Bay level functions communicate via logical interface 3 within the bay level and via the logical interfaces 4 and 5 to the process level, i.e. with any kind of remote input/output or with intelligent sensors and actuators
    Examples Feeder or transformer, protection, control and interlocking.
    [IEC 61850-2, ed. 1.0 (2003-08)]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > функции уровня присоединения в системе автоматизации подстанции

  • 15 интерфейсные функции станционного уровня системы автоматизации подстанции

    1. interface related station level functions

     

    интерфейсные функции станционного уровня системы автоматизации подстанции
    Функции, представляющие интерфейс человек - машина локального оператора системы автоматизации подстанции на интерфейсе удаленного центра управления или на удаленном интерфейсе телеконтроля в целях мониторинга и технического обслуживания.
    Примечание. Эти функции связываются через логические интерфейсы 1 и 6 с уровнем присоединения, через логический интерфейс 7 - с техническими сервисами, а через интерфейс панели дистанционного управления - с внешним миром.
    [ ГОСТ Р 54325-2011 (IEC/TS 61850-2:2003)]

    EN

    interface related station level functions
    functions representing the interface of the SAS local station-operator HMI to a remote control centre Tele-Control Interface (TCI) or to the remote engineering Tele-Monitoring Interface (TMI) for monitoring and maintenance purposes. These functions communicate via the logical interfaces 1 and 6 with the bay level and via logical interface 7 to technical services and via the remote control interface to the outside world. Logically, there is no difference if the HMI is local or remote. In the context of the substation, there exists at least a virtual interface for the SAS at the boundary of the substation. The same is true for both the TCI and TMI. These virtual interfaces may be realised in some implementations such as proxy servers
    [IEC 61850-2, ed. 1.0 (2003-08)]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > интерфейсные функции станционного уровня системы автоматизации подстанции

  • 16 логическая единица

    1) General subject: logical high
    2) Information technology: book (в ИС), log book (в интегральной схеме), logical item, logical one
    3) SAP. logical unit
    5) Automation: (logical "1" high level) log. high (в отношении состояния дискретного входа/выхода устройства)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > логическая единица

  • 17 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 18 логическая единица

    1. mark
    2. logical high
    3. logic value of "1"
    4. logic level of "1"
    5. log. high

     

    логическая единица
    сигнал логической единицы
    -
    [Интент]

    сигнал логической единицы
    —
    [Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    This is only true when only one binary signal input is set to a logic level of "1".
    [Schneider Electric]

    Это условие выполняется только в том случае, если сигнал логической единицы присутствует только на одном двоичном входе.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    • Булева алгебра, элементы цифровой техники

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > логическая единица

  • 19 agudo

    adj.
    1 sharp, smart, keen, astute.
    2 intense, severe, fierce, excruciating.
    3 high-pitched, sharp, shrill, piping.
    4 acute, clever, keen, insightful.
    5 witty, clever.
    6 pointed, acute, sharp-edged.
    7 acute.
    8 oxytone, accented in the last syllable, oxytonic, with a stronger phonetic accent on last syllable.
    Acordeón es una palabra aguda "Acordeon" is accented in the last syllable...
    m.
    high-pitch note, treble.
    * * *
    1 (afilado) sharp
    2 (dolor) acute
    4 figurado (sentido) sharp, keen
    5 (voz) high-pitched
    6 (sonido) treble, high
    7 LINGÚÍSTICA (palabra) oxytone; (acento) acute
    * * *
    (f. - aguda)
    adj.
    1) sharp, acute
    2) high, high-pitched
    3) clever, witty
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=afilado) [filo] sharp; [instrumento] sharp, pointed
    2) (=intenso) [enfermedad, dolor] acute; [acento] acute
    3) [ángulo] acute
    4) (=incisivo) [mente, sentido] sharp, keen; [ingenio] ready, lively; [crítica] penetrating; [observación] smart, clever; [pregunta] acute, searching
    5) (=gracioso) witty
    6) (Mús) [nota] high, high-pitched; [voz, sonido] piercing
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    1)
    a) <filo/punta> sharp
    b) < ángulo> acute
    2)
    a) <voz/sonido> high-pitched; < nota> high
    b) < dolor> ( duradero) intense, acute; ( momentáneo) sharp
    c) < crisis> severe
    d) <aumento/descenso> sharp
    3)
    a) ( perspicaz) < persona> quick-witted, sharp; < comentario> shrewd
    b) ( gracioso) <comentario/persona> witty
    c) <sentido/instinto> sharp
    4) < palabra> stressed on the last syllable; < acento> acute
    * * *
    = keen [keener -comp., keenest -sup.], sharp [sharper -comp., sharpest -sup.], trenchant, witty [wittier -comp., wittiest -sup.], perceptive, acute, searing, stinging, heightened, high-pitched, penetrating, razor-sharp, keen-witted, pointy [pointier -comp., pointiest - sup.].
    Ex. Formal logic used to be a keen instrument in the hands of the teacher in his trying of students' souls.
    Ex. 'I'll give it more thought,' she said with a sharp frown, resuming her former posture.
    Ex. However, both BTI and LCSH occasionally use headings of this kind, though one could argue strongly that these are out of place in direct entry methods, and they come in for trenchant criticism from Metcalfe.
    Ex. This book offers pithy and witty advice on how to write, defects in prose style, punctuation, and preparing a manuscript.
    Ex. In their profound and perceptive essay on professionalism, Mary Lee Bundy and Paul Wasserman write at some length on this extraordinary phenomenon, 'the essential timidity of responsibility for solving informational problems and providing unequivocal answers'.
    Ex. In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.
    Ex. His searing and rigorously logical analysis of the '1949 ALA Rules for Entry' is one of my favorite pieces of writing on cataloging.
    Ex. In a stinging rebuke to the American Library Association, Nat Hentoff has criticized the ALA for failing to take action to defend volunteer librarians in Cuba who are being subjected to a brutal crackdown.
    Ex. The heightened level of community awareness has led some local authorities to take the initiative and to become information disseminators in their own right.
    Ex. The noise is a high-pitched whine or hiss the machine emits during operation.
    Ex. In this connection, Ohmes and Jones of the Florida State University Library have offered some rather penetrating insights regarding what they call 'The Other Half of Cataloging'.
    Ex. As mentioned in the first part, developing a razor-sharp memory is not going to occur overnight.
    Ex. She is famous for her series featuring homicide detective Peter Decker and his keen-witted, beautiful wife.
    Ex. So much so that my canines (or eye-teeth, they're the pointy ones) ended up growing over my incisors/first molars rather than between them.
    ----
    * acento agudo = acute.
    * de vista aguda = sharp-eyed.
    * dolor agudo = twinge.
    * Enfermedad + aguda = acute + Enfermedad, a bad case of + Enfermedad.
    * infección aguda = acute infection.
    * miastenia aguda = myasthenia gravis.
    * SARS (Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo y Grave) = SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome).
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    1)
    a) <filo/punta> sharp
    b) < ángulo> acute
    2)
    a) <voz/sonido> high-pitched; < nota> high
    b) < dolor> ( duradero) intense, acute; ( momentáneo) sharp
    c) < crisis> severe
    d) <aumento/descenso> sharp
    3)
    a) ( perspicaz) < persona> quick-witted, sharp; < comentario> shrewd
    b) ( gracioso) <comentario/persona> witty
    c) <sentido/instinto> sharp
    4) < palabra> stressed on the last syllable; < acento> acute
    * * *
    = keen [keener -comp., keenest -sup.], sharp [sharper -comp., sharpest -sup.], trenchant, witty [wittier -comp., wittiest -sup.], perceptive, acute, searing, stinging, heightened, high-pitched, penetrating, razor-sharp, keen-witted, pointy [pointier -comp., pointiest - sup.].

    Ex: Formal logic used to be a keen instrument in the hands of the teacher in his trying of students' souls.

    Ex: 'I'll give it more thought,' she said with a sharp frown, resuming her former posture.
    Ex: However, both BTI and LCSH occasionally use headings of this kind, though one could argue strongly that these are out of place in direct entry methods, and they come in for trenchant criticism from Metcalfe.
    Ex: This book offers pithy and witty advice on how to write, defects in prose style, punctuation, and preparing a manuscript.
    Ex: In their profound and perceptive essay on professionalism, Mary Lee Bundy and Paul Wasserman write at some length on this extraordinary phenomenon, 'the essential timidity of responsibility for solving informational problems and providing unequivocal answers'.
    Ex: In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.
    Ex: His searing and rigorously logical analysis of the '1949 ALA Rules for Entry' is one of my favorite pieces of writing on cataloging.
    Ex: In a stinging rebuke to the American Library Association, Nat Hentoff has criticized the ALA for failing to take action to defend volunteer librarians in Cuba who are being subjected to a brutal crackdown.
    Ex: The heightened level of community awareness has led some local authorities to take the initiative and to become information disseminators in their own right.
    Ex: The noise is a high-pitched whine or hiss the machine emits during operation.
    Ex: In this connection, Ohmes and Jones of the Florida State University Library have offered some rather penetrating insights regarding what they call 'The Other Half of Cataloging'.
    Ex: As mentioned in the first part, developing a razor-sharp memory is not going to occur overnight.
    Ex: She is famous for her series featuring homicide detective Peter Decker and his keen-witted, beautiful wife.
    Ex: So much so that my canines (or eye-teeth, they're the pointy ones) ended up growing over my incisors/first molars rather than between them.
    * acento agudo = acute.
    * de vista aguda = sharp-eyed.
    * dolor agudo = twinge.
    * Enfermedad + aguda = acute + Enfermedad, a bad case of + Enfermedad.
    * infección aguda = acute infection.
    * miastenia aguda = myasthenia gravis.
    * SARS (Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo y Grave) = SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome).

    * * *
    agudo -da
    A
    1 ‹filo/punta› sharp
    2 ‹ángulo› acute
    B
    1 ‹voz› high-pitched; (irritante) shrill; ‹sonido› high-pitched; (irritante) piercing; ‹nota› high
    2 ‹dolor› (duradero) intense, acute; (momentáneo) sharp
    3 ‹crisis› severe
    4 ‹aumento/descenso› sharp
    un agudo descenso del índice de mortalidad a sharp fall in the death rate
    C
    1 (perspicaz) ‹persona› quick-witted, sharp; ‹observación/comentario› shrewd; ‹pregunta› shrewd, searching
    2 (gracioso) ‹comentario/persona› witty
    3 ‹vista› sharp; ‹oído› sharp, acute; ‹sentido/instinto› keen, sharp
    D
    1 ‹palabra› stressed on the last syllable
    2 ‹acento› acute
    * * *

     

    agudo
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    1
    a) ‹filo/punta› sharp

    b) ‹ ángulo› acute

    2
    a) ‹voz/sonido› high-pitched;

    ‹ nota› high
    b) ‹ dolor› ( duradero) intense, acute;

    ( momentáneo) sharp
    c) ‹ crisis› severe

    d) ‹aumento/descenso› sharp

    3

    ‹ comentario› shrewd
    b) ( gracioso) ‹comentario/persona› witty

    c) ‹sentido/instinto› sharp

    agudo,-a adjetivo
    1 (sensación, enfermedad) acute
    2 (tono de voz) high-pitched
    (sonido) treble, high
    3 (ingenioso) witty
    4 (oído, vista, olfato) sharp, keen
    ' agudo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aguda
    - fina
    - fino
    - ingeniosa
    - ingenioso
    - lista
    - listo
    - sagaz
    - estridente
    - ladino
    - pinchazo
    - pitido
    - quejido
    English:
    acute
    - crack
    - high
    - high-pitched
    - keen
    - piping
    - quick
    - quick-witted
    - raging
    - sharp
    - shrill
    - witty
    - yap
    * * *
    agudo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [filo, punta] sharp
    2. [vista, olfato] keen
    3. [crisis, problema, enfermedad] serious, acute
    4. [dolor] intense;
    sentí un dolor agudo al mover el brazo I felt a sharp pain when I moved my arm
    5. [sonido, voz] high, high-pitched
    6. [perspicaz] [persona] sharp, shrewd;
    [ingenio] keen, sharp
    7. [ingenioso] witty;
    estás muy agudo you're on form o very witty today;
    Irónico
    ¡muy agudo! [cuando algo no es gracioso] very clever o funny!;
    [cuando algo es evidente] very observant!
    8. Gram [palabra] stressed on the last syllable
    9. Gram [tilde] acute
    ♦ nm
    agudos [sonidos] treble
    * * *
    adj
    1 acute
    2 ( afilado) sharp
    3 sonido high-pitched
    4 ( perspicaz) sharp
    :
    acento agudo acute accent
    * * *
    agudo, -da adj
    1) : acute, sharp
    2) : shrill, high-pitched
    3) perspicaz: clever, shrewd
    * * *
    agudo adj
    1. (en general) sharp
    2. (sonido, voz) high / high pitched
    3. (ángulo, dolor) acute
    4. (comentario) witty [comp. wittier; superl. wittiest]
    5. (sentido) keen
    "sofá" es una palabra aguda the accent is on the last syllable in "sofá"

    Spanish-English dictionary > agudo

  • 20 comenzar

    v.
    to start, to begin.
    comenzar diciendo que… to start o begin by saying that…
    comenzar a hacer algo to start doing o to do something
    comenzar por hacer algo to begin by doing something
    “hiena” comienza por hache “hyena” starts with an “h”
    el partido comenzó tarde the game started late
    La fiesta empezó tarde The party began late.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ EMPEZAR], like link=empezar empezar
    1 to begin, start
    1 to begin, start
    ■ comenzó a reír he began to laugh, he began laughing
    \
    comenzar con to begin with
    comenzar + gerund to start by + gerund
    ■ comenzó explicando... he started by explaining...
    comenzar por + inf to begin by +-ing
    ■ comenzó por decir que... he began by saying that...
    comenzar por el principio to begin at the beginning, start at the beginning
    ————————
    to start by + gerund
    ■ comenzó explicando... he started by explaining...
    * * *
    verb
    to begin, start
    * * *
    1.
    VT to begin, start, commence frm

    comenzamos el rodaje ayer — we began o started o commenced frm filming yesterday

    comenzó la charla con un agradecimiento — she began o started the talk with a word of thanks

    2.
    VI [proyecto, campaña, historia, proceso] to begin, start

    ¿puedo comenzar? — may I start o begin?, can I start o begin?

    comenzó a los diez años haciendo recados — he began o started at the age of ten as a messenger boy

    al comenzar el año — at the start o beginning of the year

    • comenzar a hacer algo — to start o begin doing sth, start o begin to do sth

    la nieve comenzó a caer de nuevo — the snow started falling again, the snow began to fall again

    comencé a trabajar a los dieciocho años — I started o began working at eighteen

    • comenzar con algo, la película comienza con una pelea — the film starts o begins with a fight

    • para comenzar — to start with

    para comenzar, una sopa de verduras — to start with, vegetable soup

    • comenzar por, no sé por dónde comenzar — I don't know where to start o begin

    comenzó por agradecernos nuestra presencia — she started o began by thanking us for coming

    para sentirte mejor, comienza por comer bien — in order to feel better, start by eating well

    todos sois culpables, comenzando por ti — you're all guilty, starting with you

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to begin, commence (frml)
    2.
    comenzar vi to begin

    comenzar + ger — to begin by -ing

    comenzar a + inf — to start -ing o to + inf

    comenzar POR + inf — to begin by -ing

    * * *
    = begin, commence, get + started, launch, set about + Gerundio, start, start off, start out, start + Posesivo + life, curtain + rise, enter, kick off, set out, take + flight, get + Nombre + underway, be scheduled to start, get + Posesivo + feet wet, set in, cut + Posesivo + spurs.
    Ex. This section has begun to demonstrate some of the problems associated with the author approach.
    Ex. This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex. 'We'll get started as soon as everyone arrives,' the executive director shook her hand and smiled graciously.
    Ex. It describes an attempt by leaders in the CD-ROM business to launch a logical file structure standard for CD-ROM.
    Ex. The CRG set about trying to define a series of integrative levels upon which it would be possible to base the main classes and their order for a new general classification scheme.
    Ex. Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.
    Ex. If you establish a principle of using the national language, where do you start off?.
    Ex. The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.
    Ex. In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex. One of the main contributions in this issue is 'Future directions: the curtain rises on interactive video,' by David Hon.
    Ex. Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The bucks start here: ALA kicks off library funding campaign'.
    Ex. The person seeking information needs to have all the necessary documentation before setting out, otherwise it could result in considerable expense and much time wasting.
    Ex. The article 'ALA campaign takes flight

    the local level' reports on a five year public education programme sponsored by the American Library Association to promote all types of libraries throughout the USA.

    Ex. The author describes two surveys which the IFLA Section has been involved in to acquire the information necessary to get the project underway.
    Ex. CAPTAIN is scheduled to start commercial services in 1983.
    Ex. Coming clean to voters is something she's gonna have to get used to if she is really serious about getting her feet wet in elected politics.
    Ex. Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    Ex. Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.
    ----
    * al comenzar = at startup.
    * comenzar a = be on + Posesivo + way to.
    * comenzar a arder = catch on + fire.
    * comenzar Algo = get + Nombre + started.
    * comenzar Algo con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.
    * comenzar a luchar contra = begin + war on.
    * comenzar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.
    * comenzar a reír = break into + laugh.
    * comenzar bien = get off to + a (good/great) start, make + a good start.
    * comenzar con buen pie = start + Nombre + on the right footing.
    * comenzar de cero = begin + from scratch, start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar desde = set out from.
    * comenzar desde cero = start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar desde la base = start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.
    * comenzar lento = be slow off the mark, be slow off the blocks.
    * comenzar muy rápido = be off to a fast start.
    * comenzar partiendo de cero = build + from scratch.
    * comenzar por el principio = start from + scratch, start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar pronto = make + an early start.
    * comenzar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * comenzar temprano = get off to + an early start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to begin, commence (frml)
    2.
    comenzar vi to begin

    comenzar + ger — to begin by -ing

    comenzar a + inf — to start -ing o to + inf

    comenzar POR + inf — to begin by -ing

    * * *
    = begin, commence, get + started, launch, set about + Gerundio, start, start off, start out, start + Posesivo + life, curtain + rise, enter, kick off, set out, take + flight, get + Nombre + underway, be scheduled to start, get + Posesivo + feet wet, set in, cut + Posesivo + spurs.

    Ex: This section has begun to demonstrate some of the problems associated with the author approach.

    Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex: 'We'll get started as soon as everyone arrives,' the executive director shook her hand and smiled graciously.
    Ex: It describes an attempt by leaders in the CD-ROM business to launch a logical file structure standard for CD-ROM.
    Ex: The CRG set about trying to define a series of integrative levels upon which it would be possible to base the main classes and their order for a new general classification scheme.
    Ex: Over the past two to three years the numbers of full text data bases and data banks has started to escalate considerably.
    Ex: If you establish a principle of using the national language, where do you start off?.
    Ex: The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.
    Ex: In effect, the book started its life rather more as a light entertainment middle-of-the-range hardback autobiography but popular acclaim turned it into a huge mass-market paperback success.
    Ex: One of the main contributions in this issue is 'Future directions: the curtain rises on interactive video,' by David Hon.
    Ex: Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The bucks start here: ALA kicks off library funding campaign'.
    Ex: The person seeking information needs to have all the necessary documentation before setting out, otherwise it could result in considerable expense and much time wasting.
    Ex: The article 'ALA campaign takes flight \@ the local level' reports on a five year public education programme sponsored by the American Library Association to promote all types of libraries throughout the USA.
    Ex: The author describes two surveys which the IFLA Section has been involved in to acquire the information necessary to get the project underway.
    Ex: CAPTAIN is scheduled to start commercial services in 1983.
    Ex: Coming clean to voters is something she's gonna have to get used to if she is really serious about getting her feet wet in elected politics.
    Ex: Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    Ex: Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.
    * al comenzar = at startup.
    * comenzar a = be on + Posesivo + way to.
    * comenzar a arder = catch on + fire.
    * comenzar Algo = get + Nombre + started.
    * comenzar Algo con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.
    * comenzar a luchar contra = begin + war on.
    * comenzar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.
    * comenzar a reír = break into + laugh.
    * comenzar bien = get off to + a (good/great) start, make + a good start.
    * comenzar con buen pie = start + Nombre + on the right footing.
    * comenzar de cero = begin + from scratch, start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again, recommence, make + a new start, start over, make + a fresh start.
    * comenzar desde = set out from.
    * comenzar desde cero = start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar desde la base = start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar el turno de trabajo = go on + duty.
    * comenzar lento = be slow off the mark, be slow off the blocks.
    * comenzar muy rápido = be off to a fast start.
    * comenzar partiendo de cero = build + from scratch.
    * comenzar por el principio = start from + scratch, start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar pronto = make + an early start.
    * comenzar rápido = be quick off the mark, be quick off the blocks.
    * comenzar temprano = get off to + an early start.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.

    * * *
    comenzar [A6 ]
    vt
    to begin, commence ( frml)
    ■ comenzar
    vi
    to begin
    al comenzar el día at the beginning of the day
    comenzaré contigo I will begin o start with you
    comenzar + GER to begin BY -ING
    comenzó diciendo que … she began o ( frml) commenced by saying that …
    comenzar A + INF:
    comenzaron a disparar they started firing o to fire, they opened fire
    comenzar POR algo to begin WITH sth
    comencemos por la catedral let us begin with the cathedral
    comenzar POR + INF to begin BY -ING
    comenzaron por amenazarme they began by threatening me
    * * *

     

    comenzar ( conjugate comenzar) verbo transitivo
    to begin, commence (frml)
    verbo intransitivo
    to begin;

    comenzar haciendo algo/por hacer algo to begin by doing sth;
    comenzar a hacer algo to start doing o to do sth;
    comenzaron a disparar they started firing o to fire;
    comenzar por algo to begin with sth
    comenzar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to begin, start
    (a realizar una acción) comenzó a decir barbaridades, he started talking nonsense
    (una serie de acciones) comenzamos por mostrar nuestro desacuerdo, we started by showing our disagreement ➣ Ver nota en begin y start

    ' comenzar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    balbucear
    - desencadenarse
    - despuntar
    - entrar
    - iniciarse
    - comience
    English:
    afresh
    - begin
    - come on
    - commence
    - dawn
    - emigrate
    - foot
    - go-ahead
    - open
    - set in
    - start
    - start off
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to start, to begin;
    comenzar diciendo que… to start o begin by saying that…
    ♦ vi
    to start, to begin;
    comenzar a hacer algo to start doing o to do sth;
    comenzar por hacer algo to begin by doing sth;
    “hiena” comienza por hache “hyena” starts with an “h”;
    el partido comenzó tarde the game started late
    * * *
    v/t begin
    * * *
    comenzar {29} v
    empezar: to begin, to start
    * * *
    comenzar vb to start / to begin [pt. began; pp. begun]

    Spanish-English dictionary > comenzar

Страницы

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